Kuba umbhobho yinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu emizini, ayimangalisi into yokuba inani lemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yemigangatho enefuthe kwimveliso kunye nokuvavanywa kombhobho wokusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezininzi.
Njengoko uza kubona, kukho zombini ezinye izinto ezigqobhozayo kunye nomahluko phakathi kwemigangatho yemigangatho abathengi kufuneka bayiqonde ukuze baqiniseke ukuba banokuqinisekisa amagqabantshintshi ama-projets.
1. I-ASTM
I-ASTM ibonelela ngemigangatho yemizi-mveliso kunye nenkonzo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo amacandelo ophuhliso. Umbutho upapashe imigangatho engaphezu kwe-12,000 ngoku esetyenziswa kumashishini kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngaphezulu kwe-100 yaloo mgangatho iphantse ibethelele kwintsimbi, ityhubhu, i-fitions kunye neflethi. Ngokungafaniyo nemigangatho ethile yemithetho enefuthe kumbhobho wensimbi kumacandelo athile omzi-mveliso, imigangatho ye-ASTM igubungela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibhobho esetyenziswe ngawo onke amashishini onokucinga ngayo.
Umzekelo, iimveliso zokupakisha iAmerican ezigcina uluhlu olupheleleyo lombhobho we-a106. I-A106 ibala lemibhobho ye-carbon engenamthungo yenkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu. Lo mgangatho awunyanzelekanga ukuba ubeke umbhobho wokuwohloka kwesicelo esithile semveliso.
2. I-Asme
Uluntu lwaseMelika lweenjineli zoomatshini zaqalisa ukupapasha imigangatho yezixhobo zeshishini kunye namacandelo omatshini ngo-1880 kwaye bebengumntu oqhubayo ophuculo kwiinqanawa kunye neenqanawa zoxinzelelo ezisetyenziswa kumacandelo anemveliso.
Njengoko umbhobho oqhelekileyo uhamba kunye neenqanawa zoxinzelelo, imigangatho ye-ASRE igubungela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemiphunga kumashishini amaninzi, ngokufanayo ne-ASTM. Ngapha koko, imigangatho yombhobho ye-asme kunye ne-asstm ifana kakhulu. Naliphi na ixesha ubona umgangatho we-pupe ovezwe ngu 'A' kunye 'no-Sa'-umzekelo yi / SA'-I-SA's A / SA'-I-SAY-luphawu lokuba izinto ezibonakalayo ziyahlangabezana nazo zombini i-ASTM kunye neMigangatho ye-ASME.
I-3. API
Njengoko igama layo libonisa, iZiko laSimahla iZiko lePetroleum ngumbutho ocacileyo weshishini othi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iphuhlisa kwaye ipapashe imigangatho yombhobho kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-oyile kunye ne-oyile ishishini.
Ukufakelwa okwenziwe phantsi komgangatho we-API kunokufana kakhulu kwizixhobo kunye nokuyilwa kwimibhobho esetyenziswe kumanye amashishini phantsi kwemigangatho ethile. Imigangatho ye-API ingqongqo ngakumbi kwaye ibandakanya iimfuno zovavanyo ezongezelelweyo, kodwa kukho ezinye iipleyiti.
I-API 5L yombhobho, umzekelo, isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiiseti zeoyile kunye negesi. Umgangatho uyafana ne-A / SA 106 kunye ne-A / SA 53. Amanye amabakala o-API Pipe athobele i-A / SA kwi-A / SA ngenxa yoko kwaye ke banokusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo. Kodwa i-A / SA i-106 kunye ne-A / I-SAMIP ye-53 ayihambelani neenqobo ze-API 5l.
4. Adi
IZiko leMigangatho leSizwe yaseMelika lasekwa emva kokuqokelelwa kwemibutho yemigangatho emininzi yecandelo ngo-1916 ngenjongo yokuphuhlisa imigangatho yokuvuma ngokuzithandela e-US
I-ANI ijoyine nemibutho efanayo kwamanye amazwe ukuba yenze umbutho wamazwe aphesheya wokumiselwa komgangatho (i-ISO). Umbutho upapasha imigangatho eyamkelweyo ngabachaphazelekayo bemizi mveliso kwihlabathi liphela. I-ANI ikwasebenza njengomzimba ovunyiweyo oxhasa imigangatho ephuhliswe yimibutho nganye yokwamkelwa.
Uninzi lwe-ASTM, i-Asme kunye neminye imigangatho ivunyelwe yi-ANI njengemigangatho eyamkelekileyo. Omnye umzekelo yi-Asme B16 emiselweyo ye-flanges, i-valves, i-Finess kunye ne-gesi. Umgangatho waqala waqulunqwa yi-ASME, kodwa kugqityiwe ukusetyenziswa kwehlabathi yi-ANI.
Imigudu ka-Ansi yanceda iimarike zangaphandle zabavelisi kunye nabathengisi bomngxunya ngenxa yendima yawo ngenxa yokuphuhliswa nokwamkelwa kwemigangatho eqhelekileyo eyamkelweyo kwihlabathi liphela.
I-5. Umthengisi ofanelekileyo we-pume
Ngamashumi eminyaka amava okubonelela ngombhobho wabo kuwo onke amashishini kwihlabathi liphela, iqela likaJindalai Gqaba eliqonda ubunzima kunye nokubaluleka kwemigangatho emininzi elawula imveliso kunye nokuvavanywa kombhobho. Masisebenzise loo mava ukulunga kweshishini lakho. Ngokukhetha uJindalai njengoMboneleli wakho, ungagxila kwinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe endaweni yokuba uchitheke kwiinkcukacha. Imibhobho yentsimbi kaJindalai inokuhlangabezana nayo yonke imigangatho ekhankanywe apha ngasentla.
Ukuba unezidingo zokuthenga, cela ikopi. Siza kunika enye ethi ikuthathele ngqo iimveliso ozifunayo ngokukhawuleza. Thumela umbuzo wakho kwaye siya konwaba ukubonisana nawe.
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Ixesha lePosi: Dec-19 ukuya ku-2002